The Golden Era Of Hip Hop Was A Period In The 80S And Early

The Golden Era of Hip Hop was a period in the 80s and early 90s characterized by its diversity, innovation, and cultural influence. Hip Hop is considered to have been born in 1973, in South Bronx, New York by Jamaican-born Kool DJ Herc (Blanchard, B, 1999). He used a turntable technique at a Halloween party, which eventually became extremely popular at every party scene. The term â€Å"breakdancing† came to life shortly after. Rhymes over hip hop music, also known as rap, began first as a commentary of the ability of the DJ. MCs introduced DJs and their songs. This rhythmic music produced by DJs at parties combined with an increase of break dancers, graffiti artists, and importance of MCs, created what we know today as the culture of hip hop.†¦show more content†¦Rap was called â€Å"the black CNN† by rapper Chuck D because they were reporting issues within the inner city community through mainstream media. This idea of rap as â€Å"the black CNN† can be seen from the descendance of rapper as griots. Griots were the keepers and purveyors of of knowledge, which included tribal history, family lineage, news of birth and death, and war (Blanchard, B, 1999). Rappers create songs that through performance and recordings, allows it to spread worldwide about their lives, dreams, and discontents. They are the voice of poor, urban African American youth whose lives are usually misrepresented or dismissed by mainstream media. Rappers become the keepers of contemporary African- American working-class history and concerns. Public Enemy’s lyrics were dissected by critics in light of Chuck D’s statement. Their song called Fight the Power, recorded in 1989, caused uproar because of the blunt attacks of celebrities such as Elvis Presley and John Wayne. They called these two celebrities out on being racist instead of being a hero to them, Public Enemy or it could be generalized to the black community, as they were to everyone else. This song created a unified message that could apply to everyone, not just the African American community. Beneath the lyrics lie powerful messages about history and politics. When people listen and don’t understand the lyrics, it causes them to maybe want to do research to be more informed. Rappers suchShow MoreRelatedThe Golden Era of East Coast Hip-Hop2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe Golden era of east coast hip-hop This piece will demonstrate an understanding of the golden era of East coast hip-hop, from 1986 to 1993, focusing and analysing the historical roots, influences and inspirational individuals, giving reference to musical examples that shaped East coast hip-hop. 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Intellectual Capital And Corporate Performance In Nigeria

INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA BANKS Dr.Egungwu, Ikenna Banking Finance Department, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria E-mail: ikennaegungwu@yahoo.com Egungwu, Ngozi Ursula Accountancy Department, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria E-mail: ngoziegungwu@yahoo.com Abstract This study is on the interaction between corporate performance variables and Intellectual capital effectiveness of selected banks in Nigeria. Intellectual capital has been variously defined as knowledge capital employed in an organization to improve the value creation ability of the organization. It has attracted the attention of researchers†¦show more content†¦The study concluded that banks should consider intellectual capital as a veritable tool in harnessing the organisation’s resources to ensure improvement in her performance indicators. The study recommended that banks should take inventory of her portfolio (assets) so as to identify those of them that are no longer useful and also employ qualified, experienced and trained staff to add value to her intellectu1resources. Key words: Intellectual capital, asset quality, loan quality, net income, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) INTRODUCTION Intellectual capital has attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Research in this area has highlighted the importance of intellectual capital in generating and sustaining organizational competitive advantage (Bontis, 2000;); is generally conceptualized as â€Å"intellectual material - knowledge, information, experience, core technique, intellectual property, and customer relationship that can be put to use to create wealth† (Stewart, 1997); a knowledge-based economy, characterized by a rapid expansion of knowledge-intensive industries creating and exploiting knowledge and information in all sectors of the economy (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). However, despite an increasing recognition of the importance of intellectual capital in theShow MoreRelatedWealth Maximization And Corporate Social Responsibility1745 Words   |  7 PagesWealth Maximization and Corporate Social Responsibility Ebehi Onakpoma Introduction There has been a lingering argument about the legitimacy and importance of corporate responses to CSR concerns. There are diverse opinions of the role of the firm in the environment and thoughts on whether profit maximization should be the only goal of a corporation. Profit maximization is the goal of any business. It is the process by which profits (EPS) of the business are increased. In other words,Read MoreAn Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nigerian Society: the Examples of Banking and Communication Industries18990 Words   |  76 Pagesimpact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo.com, Tel No.: 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian society, Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR] has been a highly cotemporary and contextual issue to all stakeholders including the government, the corporate organizationRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 PagesProceedings of the Second Conference on Human Capital Development Vol. 2 No. 2 2015 Theme: ENHANCING HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Date 30th June 2015 Venue Conference Hall, Rivers State College of Arts and Science Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Fortress Educational Consultancy Services Limited Proceedings of the Second Conference on Human Capital Development Vol. 2 No. 2 2015 Editorial Board Editor: DrRead MoreThe Millennium Development Goals2682 Words   |  11 Pageshighlights the importance of SMEs in helping a developing country move in the right direction. The research proposal is focussed on how Nigeria-a developing country can also build its SMEs in a way that will make more visible impact and contribute to the country’s GDP and overall economy. According to the International Finance Corporation (IFC) study of Nigeria cited by (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, n. d), they estimate that similar to Malaysia, 96% of Nigerian businesses are SMEs with over 90% in manufacturingRead MoreHuman Resources Development in Nigeria Local Government5371 Words   |  22 Pagesproductivity, but the question is â€Å"how much? It is even difficult to show causal link between HR development and national /organizational performance partly because pay off from development may not be seen in the short term. It is also difficult to tie-down performance improvement to the development itsel f and to understand the nature of the link. For example, is performance better because of increased or different HR development, because the reward package has improved or because we have a clearer set ofRead MoreInformation and Communication Technology as Bedrock of the Nation13285 Words   |  54 Pagesrecognizes that Biotechnology, especially genetic engineering provides the potential to make Life Sciences an engine of growth and business for the 1 country. This has led to the establishment of the National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA). Nigeria is considered one of the richest countries in Bio-resources with its extensive biodiversity. The Federal Ministry of Science and Technology recognizes this and is therefore collaborating with the Federal Ministry of Environment and other stakeholdersRead More2.0 the Impact of Globalization in Human Resour3435 Words   |  14 Pagespublication entitled Towards New Education in 1930, to denote a holistic view of human experience in education. An early description of globalization was penned by the founder of the Bible Student movement Charles Taze Russell who coined the term corporate giants in 1897, although it was not until the 1960s that the term began to be widely used by economists and other social scientists. The term has since then achieved widespread use in the mainstream press by the later half of the 1980s. Since itsRead MoreTHE IMPACT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT12932 Words   |  52 PagesAS A CRITICAL FACTOR IN THE BANKING SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA PLC MAIN BRANCH ENUGU). 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From the onset, the traditionalRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management (Shrm): a Paradigm Shift for Achieving Sustained Competitive Advantage in Organization7632 Words   |  31 Pageshttp://www.eurojournals.com Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM): A Paradigm Shift for Achieving Sustained Competitive Advantage in Organization Benjamin James Inyang Department of Business Management, University of Calabar P.M.B. 1115 Calabar, Nigeria E-mail: benji1955.unical@yahoo.co.uk Tel: +234 8033773403 Abstract The human resource of an organization offered the potential synergy for sustained competitive advantage, when properly deployed, maintained and utilized. From the onset, the traditional

Supporting children and young people’s positive behaviour Free Essays

Supporting Children and Young People’s positive behaviour. 1. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting children and young people’s positive behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Describe with examples the importance of all staff consistently and fairly applying boundaries and rules for children and young people’s behaviour in accordance with the policies and procedures of the setting. Boundaries: These are the limits within which behaviour is acceptable or what may, and may not be done. Boundaries are there to guide children and young people’s behaviour in the setting and it is very important for all staffs to consistently apply these boundaries fairly. Behaviour is learnt from what we see others do or say, so, it s very important for the staff to watch children closely and make sure that they apply the boundaries at all times. The importance of staffs applying the rules and boundaries are: It helps children and people to know what is right from wrong. For example, when a child knows what is right from wrong, or what is acceptable and what is not, then they will be able to do the right thing most of the time. If they know jumping is not allowed in the setting then they are going to behave accordingly. If all staff applies the boundaries and rules of their settings, then children will not feel hey are being misled. For example, one staff says they can bring snacks to school and another staff says they are not allowed to bring snacks. If this happens, a child will get confused and feel misled by one of the staff. It enables all the staff to be consistent in their approach in dealing with behaviour issues. For example, if there is no consistency in staff applying the boundaries and rules then there will be chaos in the setting, and this will not help positive behaviour in children. But if there is consistency then every child in the setting will know that no matter whom they go to n the setting, they will always get one answer. The importance of all staff being fair, and consistent are: It helps children to develop a sense of responsibility for their own actions and encourages them to think about the consequences of their behaviour. For example, the rule says no running in the corridor and staff keep reminding children about it all the time then, when a child runs in the corridor the others will tell him or her no running, and he or she will know that if they run, they will fall and when they fall, they will hurt themselves. So, they know what will happen when they disobey. It ensures that the school rules are enforced and children behave in a responsible manner. For instance, when staffs are consistent in applying the rules then there will be order in the settings and the promotion of good behaviour. Children will also know what the rules and boundaries are and therefore behave accordingly. It ensures that all children are treated fairly by staff applying the equal opportunity procedures. For example, when two children behave inappropriately, they both must receive the same sanction, one should not be favoured over the other. When two hildren fght, you have to listen to both sides and be fair in your Judgement. Some children behave inappropriately all the time but they must not be victimized in situations but rather listened to and treated tairly as other children It helps children with unwanted behaviour to improve and behave positively. For instance, if a child likes to pinch other children and all the staffs apply the rules consistently, that child is bound to change from that unwanted behaviour to positive behaviour. How to set fair rules and boundaries: Setting realistic rules for the setting; For example, ensuring the set rules are ppropriate for age and stage of development. For instance, setting a rule for one to two years that says, â€Å"No crying for toys or You must share,† that is not realistic based on their age and level of understanding. By involving the children in setting the rules and boundaries. If the children are involved in the rule setting then they will apply it because they will always remember and obey it. If everybody agrees on the set rules and boundaries. This means they understand what they are agreeing to so therefore, they can live by it and when others are behaving inappropriately, they will let them know it is unacceptable behaviour. How to cite Supporting children and young people’s positive behaviour, Papers

Systematic Reviews & Meta Analysis

Question: Systematic reviews Meta-analysis by Kim G Bae J-H. Answer: The following questions concern the systematic review meta-analysis by Kim G Bae J-H. Vitamin D and atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition 2016 [in press]. Please download this paper from the Assessment 2 folder and read it thoroughly. Question1 This systematic review and meta-analysis of 4 small RCTs examined the effects of vitamin D on atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms and reported a pooled effect of 5.81 reduction [95% CI: -9.03 to -2.59] in the SCORAD index (see Fig 3). Based on this forest plot: Question 1.1 Which RCT was the largest? Identify the study by the author name and year of publication and the total sample size. (1 sentence) Answer: Camargo 2014, total sample size 104. Question 1.2 Which study contributed more heavily to the pooled effect size? Identify the study by the author name and year of publication and explain why. (2-3 sentences) Answer: Amestejani 2012, as its pooled effect weight was 43.5% Question 1.3 Given the level of statistical heterogeneity reported (50%) was the use of a random-effects model appropriate? (1 sentence) Answer: Yes, the use of random-effects model was appropriate in this case. Question 2 Which factors may have explained the relatively high levels of heterogeneity? List at least three based on the characteristics of the RCTs included in this meta-analysis (3 sentences). Answer: In eight studies, vitamin D was supplemented orally, whereas in one study the subjects were categorized into two groups based on their exposure to sun (subtropical or temperate). Seven studies used cholecalcifereol, one used ergocalciferol, whereas one looked at the effects of sun exposure. Patient and practitioner blinding or performance bias possibilities were low in six studies, unclear in two studies, unreported in one study. Question 3 Considering the sources of error, what is the main assumption of a random-effects model and how does it differ from that of a fixed-effect model? (2 sentences) Answer: In random-effects model, the eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ects of the studies are assumed to be randomly distributed and the central point of this distribution is the focus of the combined (pooled) eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect estimate. In fixed-effect model, the assumption is that a single common (or à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ xed) eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect underlies every study in the meta-analysis.[1] Question 4 Based on your critical appraisal of the validity of the RCT by Amestejani et al to what extent do you accept the validity of the effects reported by this meta-analysis? Justify. (3 sentences). Answer: Except blinding of outcome risk bias and other bias, the validity of the effects reported by this meta-analysis is acceptable. Random sequence allocation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting all have Low risk of bias. Blinding of outcome assessment has Unclear risk of bias due to insufficient information to permit judgement of Low risk or High risk and the study did not address this outcome. Other bias also has High risk of bias as longitudinal studies with different doses of vitamin D would be better suited to address this issue. Large cohort studies and clinical trials with more sample size also warrant better assessment of this issue. Question 5 Considering the range of the SCORAD index (investigate this), the main outcome of the meta-analysis, how do you deem the clinical relevance of the pooled effect? (3 sentences) Answer: Out of the nine studies, only five studies considered SCORAD index as their main outcome. Since rest four studies used different parameters as the main outcome, considering the range of the SCORAD index as the main outcome of the meta-analysis would not be a justified pooled effect clinically. Question 6 In the discussion section of the meta-analysis by Kim Bae the authors mention that dietary factors may affect AD (2014). Specifically they mentioned that according to a meta-analysis of the six RCTs of infants, the combined risk ratio of the prevalence of AD associated with probiotics was lower compared to placebo (note that prevalence of AD is not an appropriate term for the outcome in the context of RCTs). That aside, the pooled risk ratio (RR) reported in this meta-analysis was 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96). Considering this effect size, calculate the number needed to treat for patients with a baseline AD risk of 15% (show the details of your calculations). References Perera Heneghan. EBM 2008; 13(3):96-9.

Wuthering Heights6 Essay Example For Students

Wuthering Heights6 Essay Two Halves of a WholeWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is a novel full of passion, love and betrayal. It explores the love of two individuals and their influence on their surroundings. The story occurs in a small town. In this area are the two homes of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. The vast contrasts between these houses symbolizes the people who reside their and how these individuals effect the homes. Wuthering Heights is portrayed as a dark, dismal mausoleum. There are long, narrow hallways with little light. In fact, when Isabella returns from being married, she has trouble finding her way across the house because it is so poorly lit. There is a dark presence about Wuthering Heights. The residence is run down and the walls are fading and peeling. Also it is a cold, drafty place. In fact, Linton always has fires going because it is always so chilly. Wuthering Heights is a gloomy, oppressive place. On the other hand, Thrushcross Grange has a light, joyful presence. At this home, love is bountiful and its occupants are happy. It is the picture of a loving husband and wife with two beautiful children. The kids are seen playing with a dog, laughing, and having fun. In fact, when Catherine, the main character visits them, she stays for months. They treat her well, and she comes home refined and happy. Thrushcross Grange provides a feeling of a house redolent with joy. We will write a custom essay on Wuthering Heights6 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Just as the homes differ greatly, so do the home’s inhabitants. Both of these houses symbolize their main occupants. Heathcliff, Hareton, and Linton all live at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is the dark, brooding character. He is mean, angry, and full of revenge. He viciously beats his own son and niece. Then Heathcliff forces them to marry each other, so that he can have control over Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange when his son dies. Heathcliff also marries Isabella, a women he hates. He does this to get revenge on her and her brother for having commented unfavorably about him. She is treated so atrociously that she runs away while pregnant. Yet, Heathcliff does not care and does not bother going after her. These are only a few of the actions of Heathcliff, yet they show his cruel nature and dark personality. Heathcliff also treats Hareton abdominally and thus Hareton becomes a younger version of Heathcliff. Hareton, too, is mean and vengeful. He never says anything nice to anyone and shuts himself away from others. Linton is Heathcliff’s son, and is a manipulative scoundrel. He uses his illness to coerce his cousin Cathy to visit him. Linton knows his father will force Cathy to marry him, but afraid of a beating, he still asks Cathy to come. Linton then allows Cathy to be held hostage in his home. He could obtain the key to let her out, but he is too scared for himself to rescue his cousin. Apparent is the selfish and cruel characteristics of these individuals. There is no joy in their lives, but they are filled with bitter anger. These feelings are transferred to Wuthering Heights and thus both the house and its occupants seem dismal and sinister. Residing at Thrushcross Grange are Edgar, Catherine, and Cathy. They epitomize good people who are kind and not drawn to violence. Edgar never raises his hand to anyone. He shows a sweet, gentle love to Catherine. He worries about her and take cares of her when she is ill. Edgar never becomes mad when she spends time with Heathcliff. He gives her anything she wants and is always kind to her. Although Catherine is not perfect, she is basically a kind individual. She cares about Edgar and never yells at him or harms him. Yet, it is really Catherine’s outer beauty that is representative of Thrushcross Grange. Catherine is fair and beautiful. She appears angelic and thus this beauty is translated to her home. Cathy is a fine, young lady. She loves her father and stays at his side constantly when he is ill. She even consents to marry Linton, so she can see her father. Cathy is even kind to Linton who is a whining brat. Cathy is young, spirited, and happy. These same traits are found at Thrushcross Grange. There is a impression of peace that is felt by all. .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 , .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .postImageUrl , .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 , .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7:hover , .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7:visited , .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7:active { border:0!important; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7:active , .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7 .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc36fccdca01719395b09f5612c9527b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Diversity in Business EssayAlthough it may seem that the homes control its occupants, it is actually the other way around. As the inhabitants change, so do the homes. In the end, Wuthering Heights becomes a happy, joyful place. It is surrounded by flowers and is a warm, safe haven. Much of this change is due to the people living there. Heathcliff is no longer present and his negative presence has disappeared.Hareton sheds his pessimistic demeanor and becomes a good person. Cathy also comes to reside at Wuthering Heights and adds here positive attributes. When the individuals are pleased, the houses seem like a happy place. Yet, when the dwellers are mean and pessi mistic, the homes seem dull and dreary.Thus it is obvious that the residences alter to fit its inhabitants. Bibliography:

How to Make a Volcano Erupt With Smoke

How to Make a Volcano Erupt With Smoke Volcanic gases or smoke are associated with many volcanoes. Gases from a real volcano consist of water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, other gases, and sometimes ash. Do you want to add a touch of realism to your homemade volcano? Its easy to make it smoke. Heres what you do. Materials Basically, how this works is you start with any homemade volcano recipe and insert a container into the cone of the volcano to produce smoke. Model volcano (homemade or purchased)Eruption ingredients (e.g., baking soda and vinegar or yeast and peroxide)Small cup that fits inside the volcanoChunk of dry iceHot waterGloves or tongs How To Its helpful to start the smoke before adding the ingredient that starts your volcanic eruption. The smoke will appear either way, but its easier to handle the dry ice before the action starts. Add ingredients to your volcano, except the final one that starts the eruption. For example, a vinegar and baking soda volcano doesnt erupt until you pour vinegar into the volcano. A yeast and peroxide volcano doesnt erupt until you pour peroxide solution into the volcano. If you are simply making a model volcano smoke, you dont need to worry about this step.Set a cup inside the volcano.Add a chunk of dry ice or else several small pieces. If you cant buy dry ice, you can make it yourself.Pour hot water into the cup with the dry ice. This will cause the dry ice to sublimate from solid carbon dioxide into carbon dioxide gas. The gas is much colder than the surrounding air, so it will cause water vapor to condense, essentially forming fog.Now you have a smoking volcano! If you like, you can make it erupt now, too. Make Smoke Without Dry Ice If you dont have dry ice, you can still make smoke come out of a homemade volcano. For a non-erupting model volcano, you could use a smoke bomb to produce a lot of smoke. You have other options for a smoking erupting volcano, including: Safe and non-toxic water fogLiquid nitrogen fogGlycol fog Safety Information Dry ice is extremely cold and can cause frostbite if you pick it up with bare skin. Its best to use a glove or tongs to handle the dry ice.

Communication Skills Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Skills - Article Example The tone of the teachers displays concern for the students and their futures. The teachers have made a clear attempt to try and find out solutions, tactics, and techniques to help the students develop better manners and display courtesy. There is a clear tone of personal interest in the work they do and an urge to learn newer techniques. The teachers display how well they lead by example and how their style of talking and teaching can affect the learning process of the children as well. There is a clear sense of responsibility, and active listening among all the members in the video. The body language and the non – verbal communication displayed shows a genuine interest in the discussions and is portrayed by taking notes of essential parts of the discussion. All the participants have been very alert throughout the discussion and have displayed all the basic skills of active listening. The teachers also display understanding and empathy with the fellow teachers and acknowledge the issues that they go through each day at work. This has been done in very simple actions like nodding their heads and taking notes of essential elements of the conversation and allowing the other to finish their statements rather than cutting the co – teachers off between sentences. Active listening allows a person to listen intently to what is being said, either in groups or even one on one. A person who actively listens should be able to restate in their own words, what the speaker has spoken. This displays understanding of the topic of discussion. The major skills that are involved in effective active listening include (StudyGS, 2009): a) To be ‘other – directed’: It is essential for a listener to focus on what the speaker is communicating and to follow and understand the speaker’s point of view (StudyGS, 2009). It is essential to not only listen to what is being said but to also study body language and other senses to recognise the

Analysis of Pre-school in Three Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Pre-school in Three Cultures - Essay Example Teacher and students repeat the date, day and whether aloud which gives them knowledge of their surroundings and time. Thus most of the time a child is doing something himself to learn and practice a new idea which helps to mature his mental modals about various real life phenomena. There is a 120 minute academic session with very little explicit academic instructions and children are supposed to learn by practice. The teacher encourages the children involvement in non-academic activities like singing, telling jokes and stories during these academic sessions. After lunch break the children are allowed to play all around the school where they learn through mutual interaction and cooperation. Teacher encourages unattended mutual resolution of disputes among children which instigate problem solving behavior among children. The teachers at Japanese pre-school have strong believe that problem solving and dispute resolutions, and empathy are important skills that a child learns through ear ly childhood fighting and interaction with other children. Thus finding a solution himself is constructive for his learning experience. Origami, a Japanese art of making shapes by folding paper is yet another way of constructive learning at pre-schools. Children learn the persistence when they encounter problems, cooperate with each other. According to teachers origami is an important tool in constructive learning. At Dong-feng pre-school and day care center in China, the principal thinks that it is good for children as they learn to interact with each other. In classrooms there are several activities like children sing songs and match wooden elements with drawing on a page. At Saint Timothy in Honolulu Hawaii children come and have free play before the school formally starts. The school... This paper stresses that behaviorism aims to bring measureable positive changes in children behaviors through practice and learning. Behavioral disobedience or rudeness are difficult to control and require a lot more methodical approach to address the actual issue behind any such behavioral problem. You may teach them to obey through self example of doing something good and polite repetition of tasks you designed to inculcate some basic learning outcomes in the children. The authos declares that a disciplined and self controlled behavior may help children to learn the skills of self control and disciple in the process. If child has some dispute with other child at play or learning area the American teacher encourage children to express their grievances instead hitting or entangling with each other. While in Japanese teacher encourages mutual resolution of disputes thus instigate problem solving behavior among children. This report makes a conclusion that constructive and behavioral techniques and methodologies in three countries best suit to their cultures. The approaches are hard learned and time tested therefore, more often than not any change is resisted strictly. However, in changing environment of modern societies these methods and techniques are required to be reviewed and revisited constantly to bring about the changes that may help to instigate more practical and applicable approaches towards inculcating constructiveness and behavioral upholding of the children. The best approach is to let children learn through personal experience and a display of exemplary behavior.

Economy of Cameroon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economy of Cameroon - Essay Example Food producing industry is highly developed especially comparing to other Africa countries, so Cameroon is self-sufficient on the domestic food market and even exports livestock to neighbor countries such as Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, and the Republic of the Congo. Industrial fishing reduces its development because of a low level of fish in the region and doesn’t make a great income anymore (Benneh, G). Quite opposite is a wood producing industry. One-third from all Cameroon’s forests is widely exploited now. Raw wood export is one of the most important sectors of Cameroon’s infrastructure and gives about one-tenth from the general export income. For the world’s market, Cameroon (along with Brazil and Indonesia) is one of the main timber (industrial wood) producers. Because of the agricultural sector’s successful functioning, most of the population in Cameroon is involved in this sector as workers. But there’s an expansion tendency in wood p roducing industry, so Cameroon now suffers from illegal logging.Another problem which camps country’s economic development comes from its forests’ location: a lot of natural goods in Cameroon lay in forests’ areas. Potentially, Cameroon is one of the world’s largest producers of cobalt, but the country doesn’t develop cobalt locations in the forests’ areas. In these circumstances, oil and gas producing industry is most important for the economy of the country. Though compared to other countries it isn’t big, it gives Cameroon about one-fourth of a general income.

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Strategies

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Strategies INTRODUCTION Live birth with healthy child is the ultimate goal of ART cycles. There is a complexity of interlinked events that decides the final outcome of ART. This event can be categorised as, Clinical (stimulation protocol, opu, embryo transfer, pregnancy rate etc), Patient related (age, diseases) and Laboratory (ART Lab- oocyte, sperm, embryo, media, etc). There cannot be any single thumb rule for success in any ART cycle due to numerous variations in each categories. However by setting up Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and interpreting the data statistically we can have a better understanding of our success combinations as well as flaws. In this topic we will restrict our discussion upto laboratory category. ART lab and equipments are designed to mimic intra-uterine/ intra- fallopian tube environment. Thus by giving minimum stress to gametes a better embryo or blastocyst can be achieved which may result in healthy pregnancy. In order to have significant pregnancy rate various studies have been performed keeping in mind variables like, co2, pH, temperature, media etc. To have an insight of entire process majority of KPI are directed towards maintaining the above controls and also the clinical aspect of patient. This KPI gives us entire picture from patient age, stimulation protocols, drugs, opu, gametes, zygotes, embryos as well as record of temperature of work stations, room temperature, humidity, incubators conditions, ph, air quality , infection control policy. Thus KPI makes us more vigilant and observes the pattern of success or failure of our lab. By using our KPI we can have customised settings of our monitors and set protocol for a cycle. This Gametes and embryos are in artificial environment mimicking natural environment a stricter control on ph, temperature, air are perhaps most crucial. It is believed and observed that a compromise in any of this parameters does cause detrimental effect on embryos. Usually laboratories have protocols of checking the incubator settings, media, temperature daily. We do observe success rate to vary routinely. Where a drop in preganacy rate is to be considered more seriously , this makes us ponder over our KPI which should reflect the cause. We have observed many instances but we discuss about three such scenarios which caused damage to our pregnancy rates and KPI helped us. First Scenario- opening incubator door frequently On one occasion we observed more number of patients than usual in a batch of ART, while other KPI parameters were within accepted range. This observation lead to the fact that increased number of patient resulted in increase in number of oocytes.. This means that the load on incubator was much higher than usual. This load can be described by frequent opening of door to make fresh plates , transfer embryos, change media, observe growth, and embryo transfer. We used a conventional front load door incubator. Our KPI did not have a count or time period of incubator door openings, though it was handled to be bare necessity. To establish this assumption few studies observed that, there is a difference in temperature throughout the incubator where front and upper shelf had temperature nearer to 37 c as compared to other locations. Temperature displayed on screen of incubator was just an average. Temperature probe recorded average temperature of inside the incubator and hence KPI recordings were quite stable . However an important study observed that incubator door opened for 5 seconds takes a temperature recovery time of around 20 minutes whereas dishes took 30 minutes to come back to 37c. This can be explained due to cooler air from room entering the incubator and also cold co2 gas being pumped in due to decrease in co2 concentrations. IVF work station also has heating mechanism adjusted to 37 c but even that is average temp. And we do see different tempertaure in different parts of table. Further work station is also cooled by laminar air flow . Studies have proven that prolonged temperature variations impacts fertilisation especially high temperature affects cytokinesis of embryos. However we did not record absolutely mass failed fertilisation or mass embryo arrest .Though the number was less but the embryos progressed to blastocyst formation and also gave pregnancies. This leads to debate of optimal temperature required for embryo culture. Researchers have proved that core body temperature of reproductive axis to be 1c less than 37c. Interestingly a study observed difference in blastocyst formation from culturing the embryos at 36c .however fertilisation rate and implantation rate at both 36 c and 37 c were similar. With the concept of mimicking natural environment it was observed that preovulatory follicle had 2.3c less temperature than 36c. This could explain why even after temperature fluctuation we could still get good blastocyst as well as implantation. Another possible theory is a temperature regulating mechanism in embryo which remains an interesting research. Temperature fluctuations have an impact on pH also . Considering the importance of temperature and as most study design are carried out at 37c and better success rate at this temperature makes us accept cell culture to be at 37c. In order to set things right measures were initiated to reduce the number of patients or oocyte in one incubator. On an average not more than 2/3 patient with 6-8 dishes were kept in an incubator. Open culture system was changed to closed culture. Procedures like Dish equilibration, sperm swim up where carried out in mini incubator rather than routine incubators. Another way of controlling this could be use of embryo scope or using single step media or bench top incubators. But we preferred the older method to be cost effective. Second scenario- pH of media, calibration of instruments. Our KPI includes routine CO2 check by CO2 analyser and they were fairly within accepted range and settings were adjusted depending upon observed value to maintain co2 at 5 % or 6% . this percentage varied according to media manufacturing company like, SAGE needs equilibration at 5 % while vitrolife needs it at 6% . As co2 is used to maintain Ph . Despite being vigilant there was drop in overall blastocyst formation and implantation rate. A study of KPI statistics revealed more or less steady co2 and temperature with no changes in protocols . A detailed study questioned co2 analyser observation and it was found that co2 analyser was not serviced or calibrated over 6 months. Investigations confirmed Co2 analyser reading to be faulty. This scenario explains a lot about calibration of our instrument which are meant to check and control our functioning instruments like incubator.Routinely a calibration tolerance of 0.1 was accepted by us. We were using colourless media( vitrolife) rather than â€Å"pink† media ( phenol) hence changes in ph of media were unnoticed. literature supports ph to be most crucial for gamates. Routinely a ph of media scaling of 7.2-7.4 is accepted for cell culture. ph of media is also very dynamic and influenced by temperature,co2, volume of media. This leads to debate of optimal ph of media. Studies have revealed variable ph,that is alkaline in oviduct and acidic in uterus. Oocytes also showed varied ph from Germinal vesical stage ( 7.04 +/- 0.07) to MII stage ( 6.98 +/- 0.010). while amphibian oocytes shows rise in pH during fertilisation but unseen in humans. This opens a theory of intracellular ph regulatory system to mai ntain optimal Ph as required . This balance of CO2 and HCO3 in media sets the extracellular ph(phe) while intracelluarly (pHi) HCO3/Cl ad Na+/H+ regulatory systems maintain stability in cell. This self regulatory system of embryos seems to maintain the balance inspite of fluctuations and hence we see blastocyst formation and even implantation rates. Oocytes maintain their pHi through combination of follicular fluid, granulose cells. Hence denuded oocyte are more vulnearble and depends only up on pHe of media. Studies observed that raising ph to 7.4 or lowering to 6.8 affected the embryo metabolism where alkalinine media caused more damage. Thus ph around 7.2 seems to be more stabilising. Studies have observed ph irregularities to affect actin, cytoskeletal elements, meiotic spindle, cell apoptosis, mitochondria position in embryo. This problem was addressed by calibrating our co2 analyser every 3 months. Media tubes should be capped off immediately after opening to prevent evaporation which can cause ph fluctuation.KPI included servicing dates of each instruments with due date notifications.† Pink media† was not used considering toxicity of phenol and above all in subsequent cycles pregnancy rates were up with above correction.

Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl Essay -- essays research papers

Incidents in the Life Of A Slave Girl CHAPTER I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conditions of this master-slave relationship are that the slave (Linda) is there to do work for her mistress, or master, which is now her sister' s daughter. Linda is supposed to take care her new owner's five year old daughter, help plant things, take care of any animals and anything else she is told. As a slave, she should also do everything else she is told by her master. â€Å"After a brief period of suspense, the will of my mistress was read, and we learned that she had bequeathed me to her sister's daughter, a child of five years old.† I think that before her former master died and she was sent to her master's sister's daughter, the conditions were different. Linda's master taught her how to read and spell, which was a privilege, because most slaves were not taught how to do this. â€Å"While I was with her, she taught me to read and spell; and for this privilege, which so rarely falls to the lot of a slave, I bless her memory.† Chapter II The author's purpose for including this chapter is to show just how unfairly, and cruelly slaves (she) were treated. People saw the slaves as scapegoats and were blamed for everything. She gives many examples of situations in which someone (one of the masters or mistresses) wasn't happy with something and blamed it on the slave(s), forcing them to deal with the harsh consequences. An example is when the cook sends dinner out to Dr. Flint....

Feasibility Study Essay

This study is developed to provide an entrepreneur with potential investment opportunity in setting up and operating a bar restaurant offering a variety of food and beverages items and accompanied by a quality service to the general public. This feasibility study gives an insight into various aspects of planning, setting up and operating a bar restaurant for the general populace. The study is designed to provide relevant details (including technical) to help entrepreneur in decision making by providing various technical as well as business alternatives. The study also allows flexibility to change various project parameters to suit the needs of an entrepreneur and the target market. Brief Background of the Study A bar restaurant is a food service establishment that serves food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks — beer, wine, liquor, and cocktails — for consumption on the premises. Bar restaurants provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Some bar restaurant have entertainment on a stage, such as a live band, comedians, go-go dancers, or strippers. Bar restaurants which offer entertainment or live music are often referred to as music bars or nightclubs. Many bar restaurants have a happy hour to encourage off-peak guests. Bar restaurants that fill to capacity sometimes implement a cover charge or a minimum purchase requirement during their peak hours. Such barrestaurants often feature entertainment, which may be a live band or a disk jockey playing recorded music. The term â€Å"bar† is derived from the specialized counter on which drinks are served. Guests may sit or stand at the bar and be served by the bartender, or they may sit at tables and be served by cocktail servers. And restaurant caters complete set of meal to a target market, class of market or customers. So when the bar and restaurant were put up together, it has the expertise in serving food and beverages for their guests. The â€Å"back bar† is a set of shelves of glasses and bottles behind that counter. In some establishments, the back bar is elaborately decorated with woodwork, etched glass, mirrors, and lights. A bar restaurant’s owners and managers choose the establishment’s name, dà ©cor, drink menu, lighting, and other elements which they think will attract a certain kind of guests. However, they have only limited influence over who patronizes their establishment. Thus, a bar originally intended for one demographic profile can become popular with another. Objectives of the Study The objective of the feasibility study is primarily to facilitate us as a potential entrepreneurs in project identification for investment or putting up a business such as a bar restaurant. The project feasibility may form the basis of an important investment decision and in order to serve this objective, the document/study covers various aspects of project concept development, start-up, and production, finance and business management. The study will also determine if it is feasible for an entrepreneur to put up a bar restaurant in San Ramon Dinalupihan, Bataan. Market area, site selection, competition and financial analysis are made through observational research, surveys and literature review, and results of the analysis are concluded. Name of the Establishment In order to gain a success in establishing a food and beverage business, one should consider on creating a unique name but so easy to remember by the customers. Nowadays, you can find different establishments of food and beverages. So to be popular, you must be creative on choosing the best name for your business. Why ‘BARkada Lounge’? Barkada is a Tagalog word for friends. Having friend with someone is not that easy, it would take a while before you consider a person as one of your friends. At some point, you cannot consider even your family as a friend of yours, only if, you and her tagged a long for a while and knew each other’s secrets. In ‘BARkada Lounge’, you could bring any of your friends and you could also treat all the employees and staffs as one of your friends. Here, you can celebrate all the important occasions of your life and release the stress and burden that disturb you a lot, just like a friend. Our Logo The glass tankard with a full colourful music bar inside symbolizes for fun, entertainment and beverages. The two ovals shaped around the main logo: the red –which is outside – defines stop in our bar restaurant and; the green – which is inside – defines go and have fun inside. The stars that is about to fly defines everyone is a performer here, either you’re a singer or a dancer. Our Mission To provide a fun and entertaining bar restaurant service with top quality food that will exceed the customer’s expectations. Our Vision To be known in our chosen field and recognized as one of the best establishment providing the best eminence of foods that contribute to the growth of F&B and Hospitality Industry. Site Selection This section deals with the reason for choosing the site, site analysis evaluation, general area evaluation, local area evaluation and the vicinity map. Reason for Choosing the Site A restaurant’s location is as crucial to its success as great food and service. The location of a restaurant is the bridge between your target market and your concept. The most important aspect of site selection is to assure that all factors that could possibly have any bearing on the decision are considered carefully. Selection of a suitable site should come after the restaurateur has gathered the pertinent information and organized, analyzed, and evaluated it. The investigation should be exhaustive and follow a logical process. Decision factors vary in importance depending on the individual and the type of restaurant under consideration. The decision-making process in site selection must include large amount of information assembled and presented in a clear manner. If this is not done, the chance of making a wise choice is very slim. It is necessary to know the growth patterns of neighbourhoods to determine if a particular type of restaurant will be in demand for the foresee able future. The proposed location of ‘BARkada Lounge’ is at San Ramon Dinalupihan, Bataan. Dinalupihan is a first class municipality in the province of Bataan. A wide variety of different establishments such as food chains, grocery stores, mini bar houses, and the like are located in this place where people can find entertainment and relaxation. And as the demands of the increasing and unstable needs and wants of the community, they were much eager to experience a highly adaptive dining and trendy party setting in which you can found in Dinalupihan. Since Dinalupihan is in the middle of the two leading cities in the region III, which is the Olongapo and Balanga, the accessibility to both public and private establishments will definitely make the ‘BARkada Lounge’ easily identified to the public where people can enjoy a cozy atmosphere as well as foods and beverages, whether alcoholic or non-alcoholic. Site description and evaluation is the initial element in which that of determines the overall physical development of profitable well-planned and visually attractive food and beverage service facilities. Dinalupihan is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines. It is the only land-locked municipality of the province. Dinalupihan is located 95 kms. east of Manila and can be reached through the Olongapo-Gapan route via the North Luzon Expressway. The town has a total land area of 4,460.00 hectares representing 6.69% of the total land area of Bataan. It is composed of 46 barangays with a total population of 92,289 people in 14,833 households. Dinalupihan is primarily an agricultural town whose main resources are palay, sugar cane, corn, root crops, legumes and fruits including livestock and poultry. Our proposed site for our future project is located at San Ramon Dinalupihan, Bataan. It is measured as 502 square meters. With this location, we are very confident that the project will be feasible and very effective to our chosen market. The relief varies from level, rolling and hilly to mountainous especially in the south and north-western sections of the area. The terrain of the municipality is gently sloping to undulating particularly the northern portion wherein cultivated lands are located. Between the northern and southern fringes are areas moderately sloping to rolling land with some scattered steep hills. The municipality is drained by numerous rivers and small streams with very few meanders radiating and sloping from the mountain groups down to the sea draining the whole area efficiently. Local Area Evaluation The study of our chosen location’s trading area, traffic, complementary and competing outlets, and vulnerability; parking surroundings, area changes, and cost meet our proposed needs as an entrepreneur. Visibility concerns the ability of potential shoppers to enjoy an unobstructed view of a store or its sign from a number of vantage points.It also considers ease of entrance and exit from the site. Local signage ordinances should be check and it is very useful to use the presence of distinguishing landmarks for an accurate direction of the site. Visibility is extremely important to the quality service food industry and popular-priced bar restaurants, because high visibility allows the consumer more time to change lanes and navigate the entrance to an eatery’s parking lot. The site is undeniably accessible to main arteries as the municipality’s public market going to Capitol Drive on the right side and vice versa. Locationally, accessibility represents the ease with which people move into and out of an area and, more particularly, into and out of a specific location. When determining accessibility, it is necessary to consider major and minor traffic arteries, number of lanes, speed limits, turn signals, turning lanes, curb cuts, and traffic backup, congestion points, and the existence of median strips. The value of a location also depends the accessibility of both public and private modes of transportation, such as customers and suppliers, to and from the site. The ‘BARkada Lounge’ will be very easy for residents and non-residents of the area to find, with the adequacy and potential of vehicular or passenger is unquestionably high, as we go with the flow of the continuous economy growth in the Municipality of Dinalupihan. Through pipe system, the Dinalupihan Water District has the full charge of water supply distribution in the area. The most common source of water is its ground water. Hence, the water supply in the Municipality of Dinalupihan is very sufficient. Major telephone companies servicing the town are Digital Telecommunications (Digitel) and Bayan Telecommunications (BayanTel). Cellular phones are also available through Smart/TalknText, Globe/Touch Mobile, Sun Cellular and Mobiline. Radio Communications Philippines, Inc. (RCPI), provides telegram and telegraph services. Electricity is provided by Peninsula Electric Cooperative (PENELCO). The Dinalupihan Water District serves 19 barangays while other areas use free-flowing pumps and deep wells. The town has a total of 8 banks, 7 schools, 3 hospitals/health facilities, and 4 recreational facilities. Traffic Counts The study consists of data collection, including existing traffic volumes and turning movement counts, projected traffic volumes and the identification of required improvements such as traffic calming devices. This information can be gathered either by an automated tube counter or manually by a County staff which pertains to position personnel who perform traffic counts at intersections, usually during the time in which rush hour arises, to count and record the volume of traffic passing through and turning movements of the vehicles through an intersection. Traffic counts were performed by researchers on the day and hours they predicted that might peak day or hours will occur. The number of vehicles that passed by the site was shown at the table below. ‘BARkada Lounge’ was based on the economic status of these people who will be our future target market as indicated by the type of vehicle they are in.

Reward or punishment Essay

â€Å"The right to life and dignity are the most important of all human rights and this must be demonstrated by the state in everything that it does, including the way it punishes criminals.† – Justice Arthur Chaskalson. The death penalty is considered, â€Å"the legal† punishment for a criminal. Although the death penalty has been used for many years, the thought of it continues to bring shivers down the back of most of society. Even though there has been an abundant of debates whether it should be abolished or not, citizens do not really know the facts behind it. Most of the society assumes that the death penalty is less expensive than life in jail without parole. United States citizens believe that this punishment will eliminate any revenge thoughts and therefore increase public safety. Being a factor of death, it should not be taken as lightly as it has been. Although sentencing the death penalty may seem the proportional punishment to a brutal crime, it is n ot a good alternative, because the cost of execution hurts our economy, it lacks closure for victims, and it violates the U. S. Constitution. Most of society assumes that the death penalty is less expensive than to keep a criminal in jail for life. Little did they know that it actually costs the U.S. less for a criminal to live in prison than to be executed. According to Dellapiana author of â€Å"Should We Put the Death Penalty on the Chopping Block?† not only is there cost for pre-trials, trials and courts but there is â€Å"additional costs amounting to $4.2 Million per death penalty† (Dellapiana 1). It is high priced because â€Å"the consequences or error and procedural unfairness are magnified when life is in the balance; thus, courts have imposed astringent due process protections.† (Dellapiana 1) Being in really tough economic times, wasting all that money on the death penalty seems inappropriate. All that money wasted on murdering someone, could might as well be used somewhere else in a productive manner. Dieter believes and states â€Å"the death penalty in the U.S. is an enormously expensive and wasteful program with no clear benefits. All of the studies on the cost of capital punishment conclude it is much more expensive than asystem with life sentences as the maximum penalty.† (Dieter 2). The money accumulated to be used in the death penalty is desperately needed in other important programs. For example, â€Å"In Florida, the courts have lost 10% of their funding, with another cut expected, as home foreclosures accelerated. Philadelphia is leaving 200 pol ice positions unfilled. In New Hampshire, civil and criminal jury trials were halted for a month to save money; in one county, 77 criminal trials were delayed for up to six months.† (Dieter 12). Clearly showing the United States is greatly affected by the death penalty. By the absence of the money needed for jobs, it has been forced to cut jobs strongly needed to protect society. As it can be seen, all the money spent on the death penalty is crucially affecting the economy. The process of following through the death penalty is lengthy; an entire appeal process can take more than 15 years before executions take place and in some cases it never goes through. â€Å"Sentences or convictions can be reversed, defendants may die of natural causes or suicide, governors occasionally grant clemency, and entire statutes can be overturned by the courts.† (Dieter 28). Meaning, most of the sentences don’t result in an execution, which only consumed an exaggerated amount of money when the process is over. Not only is the appeal high priced, pre-trials and trials only add much more money to the high amount already accumulated. Instead of finding a more appropriate approach, so ciety spends millions of dollars into a system that doesn’t produce results. Although many citizens do believe the death penalty is effective, they also believe the price is worth it. â€Å"This is because life is invaluable; there is no amount of money or prison that could equal it† (Roberts –Cady 3). Taking away their freedom is a way of restraining their moral behavior in society. â€Å"Because the wrongdoers had unfairly gained an extra measure of freedom from moral restraint, the natural way to restore a fair balance is to reduce the protection he ordinarily would have gained through moral restraints on the conduct of others. By treating the wrongdoer in what is ordinarily a forbidden way, we strip away part of the protection that moral restraints on behavior would ordinarily have afforded him. Thus, we remove precisely the sort of advantages he has gained.† (Roberts- Cady 3). A punishment is supposed to make the criminal reflect on their wrongdoing and get them on the right path. But why give the criminal the easy way out. Although many citizens believe in the saying â€Å"an eye for an  eye†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the death penalty does not necessarily bring closure to the victims’ family. â€Å"Because of the extensive constitutional due process requirements in deat h penalty litigation, trials are lengthy, and appeals can go on for decades, for families of victims, there is no closure.†(Dellapiana 5). Life sentencing with no parole is a much faster process and ensures closure to the victims’ family. For most of the victims’ families, the death penalty is a â€Å"punishment that is justified because it is a reward [or an easy way out] for wrongdoing† (Roberts – Cady 2). Not only does it lack closure to the victims’ families but it isn’t morally acceptable. This is because â€Å"if life has unconditional, incomparable worth, then we cannot and should not compare the worth of one person’s life with that of another† (Roberts-Cady 4).Taking the life of the murderer will not be the same as taking the life of the victim. For example, taking the murder’s life by injection can’t be brutally equivalent to taking the life of the victim. Some citizens believe the death penalty as punishment does provide closure. Many families consider this as closure because the murder has been killed. But as Roberts –Cady states â€Å"Taking the murders life cannot be said to be even roughly equivalent to taking the life of the victim.à ¢â‚¬  (Roberts- Cady 4) If it is not equivalent why not let them suffer in prison. Although life is the biggest blessing one could ever have, many criminals prefer death rather than to get life sentenced. So why give them what they prefer? And, who are the judges to decide who deserves to live and who deserves to die? Although many citizens believe the death penalty is a logical punishment, it violates the United States Constitution. The death penalty goes against the Eight Amendment in which it states it â€Å"prohibits the use of cruel and unusual or excessive punishment.† Thus, this amendment protects the criminal from receiving a punishment that can be considered comparable to the pain caused to the victim. The death penalty easily violates this amendment because it is cruel and unusual punishment since the result is death. Not only does it violate the United States Constitution it also violates the Declaration of Independence which says â€Å"All men are created equal†. It also violates this because of the discrimination by the judges and courts. An example is in case DeLuna v. The State of Texas (1986). In this prejudiced case, Carlos DeLuna was an American Hispanic who was put to death even though he was innocent. DeLuna was convicted of murdering a convenience store clerk,  Lopez. Although all assumptions pointed towards DeLuna, he was innocent. DeLuna repeatedly stated his innocence and stated the real killer was Carlos Hernandez. The judge discriminated him for being Hispanic, neglected to listen to his statements, nonetheless he claim ed â€Å"calling Hernandez a â€Å"phantom† and â€Å"figment of DeLuna’s imagination.† After being wrongfully executed, a professor and five of his students opened the case causing questions to rise and evidence to be found. The re-opening of this case showed tampering evidence. Hernandez already had a criminal record for being a repeatedly violent offender and known for slashing women. As the case was ongoing, police tampered the evidence. For example, as the investigation was occurring â€Å"the police said they couldn’t find a â€Å"Carlos Hernandez† [with a criminal record] despite his long rap sheet.† There was also a bloody foot print outside the store which was never processed. The judge was influenced by his ethnicity and appearance. He looked like the criminal, therefore for the judge, he was the criminal. Nor the judge or the court gave DeLuna the opportunity to prove himself innocent. Many people don’t categorize the death penalty as cruel and usual punishment; therefore, it does not violate the Eight Amendment. According to the dictionary, cruelty means causing somebody to feel pain or suffer. The Eight Amendment does not specify if emotion is part of this law. Death penalty should not be used to punish our society. It has been clearly explained how the death penalty is ineffective. A serious impact will continue to be seen throughout the United States economy if the death penalty is not abolished. It would take years for victims’ families to find the peace needed for closure. Death penalty does not only violate the U.S., but it violates The Declaration of Independence as well. As stated, it is proven the death penalty is not a good punishment but an easy way out therefore â€Å"Our country will never gain peace if we are killing our own citizens.†

Identify the Cottonwoods - Trees in the Willow Family

Identify the Cottonwoods - Trees in the Willow Family The common cottonwoods are three species of poplars in the section Aegiros of the genus Populus, native to North America, Europe, and western Asia. They are very similar to and in the same genus as other true poplars and aspens. They also tend to rustle and chitter in a breeze. The Eastern Cottonwood, Populus deltoides, is of the largest North American hardwood trees, although the wood is rather soft. It is a riparian zone tree. It occurs throughout the eastern United States and just into southern Canada. The Black Cottonwood,  Populus balsamifera, grows mostly west of the Rocky Mountains and is the largest Western cottonwood. It is also called Western balsam poplar and California poplar and the leaf has fine teeth, unlike the other cottonwoods. The Fremont Cottonwood, Populus fremontii occurs in California east to Utah and Arizona and south into northwest Mexico; it is similar to Eastern Cottonwood, differing mainly in the leaves having fewer, larger serrations on the leaf  edge  and small differences in the flower and seed pod structure. Quick  Identification Using Leaves, Bark and Flowers Leaves: alternate, triangular, coarsely curved teeth, leafstalks flattened.Bark: yellowish green and smooth on young trees but deeply furrowed in maturity.Flowers: catkins, male-female on separate trees. Quick Winter Identification Using Bark and Location These most common cottonwoods become very large trees (up to 165 feet) and usually occupy wet riparian  areas in the East or seasonally dry creek beds in the West. Mature trees have bark that is thick, grayish-brown, and deeply furrowed with scaly ridges. Young bark is smooth and thin.

Free international trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free international trade - Essay Example Free international trade has led to maintenance of peace and stability, integration of the global financial systems and growth in the per capita consumption in the national economies (Feenstra, 2004). Free international trade benefits the countries through increased innovation and competition that leads to the reduction in the costs of production and market prices for the products. In this case, the open market practices put pressure on firms to implement innovative manufacturing technologies in order to compete effectively with their foreign counterparts in the same markets (Frederking, 2010). Secondly, free international trade generates more economic growth through encouraging risk-taking by companies and more investments. In this case, American free trade exports support more than 15,000 jobs. In addition, free international trade disseminates capitalist ideals and democratic values since the countries engaged in free trade agreements have a duty to comply with the pre-agreed econ omic rules and standards such as the free movement of labor, protection of intellectual property and cross-border movement of foreign direct investments (Feenstra, 2004). ... The agreement contains provisions that guarantee non-discrimination in the trade of digital products and regulatory efficiency in order to foster increased trade volumes between the two countries. Another milestone in deepening free international trade is the Peru-United States trade promotion agreement of 2007 that seeks to promote private investments between the two countries and eliminate obstacles to free trade. The trade agreement seeks to attract foreign investments, enhance the trade competitiveness and generate more employment (Berg and Lewer, 2007). The USA-South Korea free trade agreement of 2011 encourages increased trade between the two countries through ensuring more than $ 1 billion of US farm exports to South Korea are exempted from customs duties and reducing the previous quotas. South Korea will cut the tariffs on US beef imports and taxes based on engine displacement in order to encourage US car manufacturers to export their cars to the market. at the same time, the US government is expected to provide economic aid to South Korean farmers and support South Korea in the privatization of the public companies in order to increase trade competitiveness between the two countries. According to Bogota, Colombia government waited for long for the free trade agreement with United States and the deal will increase Columbia’s long-term economic growth and increase the exports from $ 17 billion to $ 50 billion within a period of five years (Bogota, 5). In addition, the US government is weighing trade benefits that will result from several proposed free trade agreements with countries such as transatlantic Free trade area with European Union and New Zealand-US trade agreements. In

Europa. Basic Information on the European Union Essay

Europa. Basic Information on the European Union - Essay Example The European Union was formed after the Second World War to promote cooperation on economic grounds amongst the European countries. The idea was that the nations which do business with one another are reliant on each other economically and will consequently avoid clashes and disagreement amongst themselves. In the year 1951, six European nations viz. Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Italy and Netherlands signed an agreement to unite their industries in the coal and steel sector so that there would not be any difference between them in future. After six years, they made a deal of ‘Treaty of Rome’ by forming the European Economic Community (EEC) with the idea of forming a common single market, the community later came to be recognized as the European Union. The elementary objective of the Treaty of Rome was the formation of a single economic region in Europe based on a universal market. The common market is a phase in the process of international integration which targets to remove all obstructions to intra market trade and plans to merge all the national markets to form a single market which would lead to conditions prevalent in an internal market. The formation of such a market needs liberalisation of business among the Union members and also makes free mobility of certain production factors such as labour, services and necessary capital. It further requires free establishment of business organisations and people in all the regions of the member nations for the purpose of exercising their business and professional activities. (Europa, n.d.). After the Treaty of Rome, the EEC detached all tariffs and duties on the goods which were traded within its territory. However, there were many differences in the requirements of packaging and saf ety measures followed by each Member nation, these disparities in business practices led to problems in selling the same products all over the European Region. The inability to reach the undisputed agreements required to change the scenario prevented the development of the single European market. In the early 1980s, the national economies of the European nations were disjointed, inflexible and very uncompetitive. European Union adopted ‘The Single European Act’ in 1986 under which certain important unanimous decisions could be taken to construct a boundary-less single market by the end of 1992. During this period, the EU formed one common regulation system for all its members and started following the code of joint recognition. In the early years of its formation, the European Union had crossed two major obstacles to the economic incorporation of Europe. They were the formation of custom union where the custom duties were removed, and the development of a general agricu ltural plan which was required for the liberal movement of agricultural products between the members of the European Union

A review and literary assessment of the short story Everyday Use by Research Paper

A review and literary assessment of the short story Everyday Use by Alice Walker - Research Paper Example They ended up shining a light for generations of readers. The work that this paper aims to review is one of those papers that were done by one of today’s greatest writers and tells a very intriguing and provocative story in a sublet way. IT presents certain details when needed but also leaves out things in order to provoke the mind to stir and create a mental picture of the scene that the story projects. It gives snippets of information that is just enough to let the readers imagination wonder. The story’s characters are also presented in such a way that the details of their personality and persona are revealed through their conversations and back stories without losing focus of the actual story’s timeline. The story in its self is also very engaging and the reader is glued to the next word of the next phrase of the next word while looking to have it unfold before the reader’s very eyes. The reader is left to anticipate and watch as the story unfolds. For this story in particular, the issues that are played out are done in a very classy manner and that the characters in themselves are able to tell a story for and of themselves while still able to have participation to the story as a whole. This paper aims to review and analyze Alice Walker’s story. Essentially, the main time line of the story occurs in less than a day, however it does go into several flashbacks. The story is told by a mother who initially describes her life, her former relationship with one daughter and her current relationship with another daughter. You don’t get a sense of who is speaking, or what the story is about until you are a paragraph or two into the story. This maybe considered a technique to keep the reader interested in toe story as a whole. Through the initial part of the story, you get a glimpse of what life was like at the time the story was set. You also get a look at how the mother’s children view her as well as a visualization o f how they transitioned to the current life they live through the mention of a fire in their former home. The initial part of the story also sets the pace and the mood for the rest of the story since the mood was a bit toned down but slowly exposes details as the story goes on. There was not really any big revelations regarding detail in the story until the later parts when her daughter cam to visit and exposed that she changed her name. The story depicts a much simpler time and place where the main character decides on many occasions not to trouble herself with too many details and not to fuss over trivial things. It also shows a kind of family bond that may be different from what most people know, but it is strong. Most of the story telling and narrating is one sided but the main character does provide us insight on the other characters of the story like her daughters, what they say to her, what they may think of her, as well as their descriptions and reactions to certain things. If reading in the sense of looking at the activities described in the story, it may seem like a rather mundane or shallow tale but if you dive deep into what the story is telling you, or what it is describing, or when it is set or even who the characters are, then you will be surprised to find a gold mine of information and rich depth. Although the story does not explicitly say this, the story is also about issues regarding African-Americans at the time they were trying to identify themselves. Although there were no directly mentioned

Film Assignment Essay Example for Free

Film Assignment Essay For this assignment, I chose the 1996 movie â€Å"A Time to Kill† is applying Carl Roger’s Model of Argument. The film is based on the novel of the same title by John Grisham that tells the story of finding justice amidst the racial bigotry of the South. It is the story about a black man, Carl Lee Hailey, who killed the men who raped and mauled his 10-year old daughter Tonya and is looking at a death sentence should he be found guilty of murder in court in a town where racial prejudice continues to abound. It is through the efforts of his defense lawyer, Jake Brigance that Carl Lee was acquitted and released (McConnnaghuey and Jackson 1996). At first glance, a debate is very likely to ensue. Some would say Carl Lee is guilty because he broke the law by murdering the suspects. The latter had been arrested and should have been given their day in court and let the law take its course. They believe that revenge was Carl Lee’s motive for taking matters in his own hands and that the death penalty is appropriate because of what he did, consistent to the adage, â€Å"the punishment must fit the crime. † Legally, Carl Lee is indeed guilty and the jury appears to be leaning towards that decision. However, looking at it from the other side, there are others, as personified by Jake, who believe Carl Lee did the right thing though it was very drastic. While it may be true that Carl Lee was legally guilty, this does not immediately mean he is morally wrong. In the latter part of the film, Jake won the case because he was able to find common ground, not only with the jury, but also to the audience. He took their attention away from Carl Lee and his act and instead focused it somewhere else on the actual victim Tonya. Jake did this by taking everyone on a â€Å"journey† inside Carl Lee’s mind, putting themselves in his place, retracing his road to perdition on the day his daughter came to him battered and bleeding to the time he killed the suspects. He closed the â€Å"journey† by telling the jury to now â€Å"imagine she were white. † This is the common ground Jake successfully established. The â€Å"secret† behind it was Jake is able to make the jury shed off any racial bias they may have by getting them to empathize with Carl Lee. The result was instead of looking at a black man seeking redress for the attack on his daughter, but just a father who is merely looking out for his daughter. It can be inferred that everyone on the jury would have done the same thing if the victim had been their own child. They also know how biased the justice system is in town and that black people never get a fair trial but in this case, Jake succeeded in making them see it from a different perspective. It is certain that everyone knows justice is not always found in the courtroom, especially in this town and there are times when doing the right thing means breaking the law because the law is not perfect as it is administered by a racially prejudiced society. What was substituted here is a deeper sense of justice that is common to all, rooted in religious beliefs. In other words, people like Carl Lee are guided by their personal morals that are very fundamental where it becomes easy to discern right from wrong. All in all, the film shows a demonstration on how the Rogerian Model is applied as â€Å"common ground† was established with the audience by the performers in the film through the use of empathy to establish this common ground. Bibliography A Time to Kill. Directed by Joel Schumacher. Performed by Matthew McConnnaghuey and Samuel L. Jackson. 1996.

Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls Health And Social Care Essay

Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is a systemic search of a published work to gain information about a research topic (Polit and Hungler, 2011). Conducting a review of literature is challenging and an enlightening experience. The review of literature was based on extensive survey of books, journals, and international nursing indicates. A review of literature relevant to the study was under taken which helped the investigator to develop deep into the problem and gain information on what has been in the past. An extensive review of literature was done by the investigator to lay a broad foundation for the study. For the purpose of logical sequence the chapter was divided in two parts. 2.1 PART I: Reviews related to reproductive health among adolescent girls. 2.2 PART II: Reviews related to effectiveness of adolescent to adolescent approach on reproductive health. 2.1 PART I : Reviews related to reproductive health among adolescent girls. Mc Call-hosenfeld JS et al., (2012) conducted an experimental study in Pennsylvania; they investigated the impact of individual on womens are receipt of a comprehensive panel of preventive services in a region that includes both urban and rural communities. Outcome variables were a screening and vaccination index blood pressure , lipid panel, sexually transmitted infections or individual level variables includes predisposing factors, enabling and need based measures. The investigator found that overall use of preventive services, were low individual variability in womens receipt of counseling services is largely explained by psychological factors and seeing an gynecologist. . Fengy et al., (2012) conducted a cross sectional survey of 17,016 adolescent girls and young aged 15-24 yrs old in both rural and urban Asian cites, China, through interview and computer assisted self interview for sensitive questions. To identify the predictors perception of homosexuality. The 40% of adolescent and young adults who hold a positive view of homosexuality for both males and females. Preferred origin of movies, videos, self identified sexual orientation, sexual and reproductive health knowledge, family values, gender role and attitude towards premarital sex. The most common and important predictors for a respondents perception of homosexuality were his/her knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. Shelia G et al., (2012) conducted a experimental study regarding features of physical and sexual development of reproductive behavior among adolescent girls at Russia. In this assessment the adolescent reproductive behavior identification and the factors affecting was made in female adolescents age 14-19yr [randomly formed via continuous selection] information of the state of their health their attitudes towards child bearing and their risky habits have been evaluated. High frequency of menstrual irregularities, 24.7% delayed formation of the bone pelvis, 25.2% the prevalence of chronic external genital diseases were found. Iliyasuz et al., (2012) conducted a qualitative study regarding sexual and reproductive health communication between mothers and their adolescent daughters in North India Assam. The investigator employed structured interviews and groups to investigate reproductive health communication practices among 108 mothers and daughters transcript were analyzed using the grounded theory approach .A total of 136 mother reported discussing reproductive issues with their daughters. The majority of daughters acquire reproductive health education from their mothers; parents were more likely to discuss marriage, menstruation, premarital sex, STI infections and sex education need to be empowered with knowledge and skills to improve the scope and quality of home -based reproductive health education. Palke VD et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding impact of sex education on knowledge and attitude of adolescent school children in Bihar. Reproductive capability is now in earlier age, but the subject of adolescent sexuality in most societies, there is a wide spread ignorance about risks are unprotected sex problems among adolescent girls. Unfortunately need of sex education is not perceived and fulfilled in India especially in rural areas. The present study was conducted to assess the need and demonstrate the impact of sex education among adolescent school children, by analyzing pre and post intervention questionnaire and there was a significant increase in knowledge about sexuality , menstrual hygiene. Sexually transmitted disease, it has significant impact on knowledge of adolescent school children. Ezekwere et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding sex education, sex information, sex practices, among adolescent girls in Nigeria. A total 304 girls selected by multi-stage sampling technique studied primary and subsequent sources of sexuality information, mainly the by the media, peers, families and schools, found that mostly they were not involved in provision of early sexual initiation and un protected sex was common among them. The study highlights the need to create a awareness at earlier stage of adolescent period sexual education of adolescent girls through parents and teachers had to be initiated. Wong LP et al., (2011) conducted a large cross sectional study regarding attitude towards dysmenorrheal impact and treatment seeking, among 1,295 adolescent girls (13-19 yrs) from 16 public secondary schools in rural districts of Malaysia. Dysmenorrhea was reported in 76.0% of the participants multivariate analysis shows that being in upper secondary levels was the strongest predictor for poor concentration, absenteeism and poor school grade due to dysmenorrheal is a normal cycle and only 14.8% sought medical treatment , education should be extended to parents and school peer leaders to address the reproductive health needs of adolescents. Lazarus JV et al., (2011) conducted a quasi experimental study regarding reproductive health awareness programme to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior. Reproductive health data was collected from the students aged (11 16 yrs) by using a picture and group discussion. In total 313 questionnaire has distributed, and the mean score in the pretest knowledge was 5.9 and 6.8 in post test score was p (0.003), which increased significantly t=4.5, p=0.000. The attitude mean score in pre test was 4.3 in post test was 6.8 which shows the increased significant. The mean behavior pretest score which showed a significant p =0.019. Hence the intervention significantly improved the adolescent reproductive health knowledge attitude. BiscoFreudenthal J et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding creating community awareness of reproductive tract infections including STD infections. The aim of this study was thus to explore people perception treatment seeking behavior and understanding of information about RTI/STD. Qualitative contact analysis was employed for the data analysis. The major findings was that the most common treatment seeking behavior was taking self medication. Shyness of genital examination, negative attitudes towards dirty diseases. The main media sources of RTI/STI information were radio, TV and other access to health information was more difficult. Health education messages should be more accessible in rural areas. Van Rossem et al., (2011) conducted the survey to evaluate the reach and impact of social marketing and reproductive health communication campaigns (selected radio and television programs) regarding family planning and HIV/AIDS in Zambia. The results evidenced that the reproductive health and social marketing Campaigns in Zambia reached a large portion of the population and had a significant impact. The results suggested that future reproductive health communication campaigns that invest in radio programming may be more effective than those investing in television programming and future campaigns should seek to increase their impact among women. Portillo et al., (2011) conducted a cross sectional study regarding sexual and reproductive health among adolescent girls at High school in Spanish. The study focused to determine the extent of information about preventing sexually transmitted diseases, knowledge and use of contraceptive methods. It includes 641 students who agreed to complete the questionnaire by school. 84.5% students know at least one contraceptive method 84%, It is necessary to establish or strengthen information programme on sexual health for adolescent. Fehr KR et al., (2011) conducted a study to assess the knowledge and use of Folic acid in women of reproductive age Folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects 50%, women of reproductive age group should be aware of the importance of the folic acid and neural tube defects. They used terms such as Folic acid knowledge and Folic acid awareness to search articles published, women were although knowledge levels were associated with education and health care professionals magazines and news papers, radio, TV, as common sources of information, and this knowledge will allow them to make informed decisions about Folic acid among women. Mc Call JS et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding preventive counseling among reproductive aged women. Preventive health intervention often occur less frequently among rural women compared to urban is an important feature of comprehensive preventive health care provisions .Data were collected by telephone survey during 2004-2005 participants aged 18-45 yrs in the central Pennsylvanias. The study assessed the independent contribution of counseling for smoking ,alcohol, drug use, birth control ,nutrition, physical activity. Most women do not receive recommended preventive counseling, while rural women are less likely than urban women to receive counseling educating rural health care providers about the need for preventive counseling. Jousha et al., (2011) narrated on condom negotiation and experience among sexually active young women in New south wales, Austraila by using feminist narrative approach. Ten womens stories were collected via online interviews. The findings revealed that none of the women initiated or negotiated use of the male condom promotion relies on the r4coginition of the gender factors that impede young womens condom negotiation and use. Strategies that overcome gender dynamics and empower women to negotiate condom use have the ability to promote condom use among this group. Lawan et al., (2010) conducted a study regarding menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in Gujarat .This study examined the knowledge and practices of adolescent school in around menstruation and menstrual hygiene .Data was collected quantitatively and analyzed using pre experimental study, the study findings showed that majority had fair knowledge of menstruation, although deficient in specific knowledge areas, most of them used sanitary pads as absorbent during their last menses, changed menstrual dressings about 1-5 times per day and improving access of the adolescent to reproductive health needs. Sivagami, et al., (2010) conducted a qualitative study on community perception and treatment seeking behaviour regarding reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in Lao by using fourteen focus group discussion and 20 in depth interviews. It held among 76 women and 56 men. The major finding was that both male and female participants had a variety of misconceptions about the causes and symptoms of RTI/STIs and their cure and a reluctance to seek health care. The main reasons for not going to health facilities were fear of social discrimination or shyness. They suggested strengthening health education and promotion through interventions at the community level to improve the quality of RTI/STI management. Minto et al., (2010) reviewed the efficacy of HIV/STI behavioral intervention and identified factors associated with intervention efficacy for American African females in the United states by using meta- analysis from 37 relevant studies. The results showed that behavioral intervention had a significant impact on reduction in HIV/STI risk sex behavioral. They concluded as behavioral interventions were efficacious in preventing HIV and STIs among African American females. They suggested that conducting more research to examine the potential contribution of prevention strategies that attend to community level and to improve communication between RTI/STI patients and clinicians. Thakor HG et al., (2010) conducted a STIs prevalence study on knowledge and practices related to STIs and HIV among 125 sex workers in an urban area of Gujarat, India. 85-90% were aware about various symptoms / diseases transmitted by unsafe sexual practice in male and female. 23.4% took treatment from health worker for such problems; 87.9% were aware that consistent use of condom could protect them from HIV infections and 2.6% reported for non treatment of STD.58% were not aware about behavoural changes needed to reduce the risk. 2.2 PART II: Review related to effectiveness of adolescent to adolescent approach on reproductive health. Denison JA et al.,(2012) conducted a quasi experimental study on peer education make a difference an evaluation of HIV prevention in youth-led model trained volunteer peer educators age (18-25 yrs) in school, to teach HIV prevention and Reproductive health. This evaluation programme effects on students HIV knowledge, attitude and behaviors of adolescent girls by using a non randomized quasi experimental design among 2133 students had significantly higher levels of knowledge regarding HIV p 0kanlawon FA et al., (2011) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of peer education in a secondary school regarding reproductive health among adolescent girls in Karnataka. The study employed pre and post test intervention quasi experimental design, The experimental group was the adolescence girls to give peer education programme for 6 months pre and post test data in the experimental and control groups were compared and analyzed. The knowledge of reproductive health issues was p Drummond P et al., (2011) conducted a study by using peer education to increase the sexual health knowledge among West African refugees in Western Australia. Ten bilingual west African peer educators conducted a 3 hours workshop on sexual health for small groups of western African refugees (n = 58) who recently settled in Perth , western Australia .There were significant increases in the participants knowledge on sexually transmitted infections and HIV , their spread and the measures to protect against infection. They Concluded that the peer education approach was successful in assisting new and emerging community to work effectively on sexual health topics generally considered as taboos or too sensitive to discuss. Stephenson. J et al., (2010) assessed the effectiveness of school-based peer-led sex education among 9,000 pupils aged 13-14 years at England. Schools were randomized to either peer-led sex education (intervention) or to continue their usual teacher-led sex education (control). Peer educators, aged 16-17 years, were trained to deliver three 1-hour classroom sessions of sex education to 13- to 14 years old pupils from the same schools. The study findings concluded that compared with conventional school sex education at age 13-14 years, this form of peer-led sex education was very effective associated with change in teenage STDs, it merits consideration within broader teenage STDs prevention strategies.