Supply Chain --- Accessing Markets of the Urban Farmer Dissertation

Supply Chain --- Accessing Markets of the Urban Farmer - Dissertation Example Urban agriculture is totally different from peri-urban agriculture in the sense that urban agriculture is more focused on the use of gardens, vacant lots, balconies and small containers in growing vegetables and crops (FAO, n.d.). On the other hand, peri-urban agriculture is relying on farms that are situated close to a town or city (FAO, n.d.). One of the similarities between urban and peri-urban agriculture is that both types of agricultural activity produces homogenous products. In the study of economics, market structure of an industry is classified as either the market has monopolistic competition, oligopolistic, or a perfect competition (Tucker, 2011, pp. 136 – 180; Arnold, 2010, p. 458). Barrier to entry in urban and peri-urban agriculture is low since anybody can make it a practice to plant and harvest their own food supply. Because of the presence of so many buyers and sellers that sells homogenous products in the market, the market structure of urban and peri-urban f arming is classified as a perfect competition (Arnold, 2010, p. 458). 2.1.1 Mumbai, India Mumbai is one of the largest cities around the world that practice urban agriculture (Krause, 2010). Specifically the progress of urban farming in Mumbai was inspired by Dr. Doshi who conducted an experiment on food production in his own house (Vazhacharickal and Buerkert, 2011). Without requiring huge capital investment, Dr. Doshi converted his 1,200 sq. ft. terrace in Bandra for urban farming activities which allowed him to yield at least 5 kg of fruits and vegetables each day (Vazhacharickal and Buerkert, 2011; City Farmer, 2006). Up to the present time, there is no available statistics that can show how far urban farming is progressing in Mumbai, India. However, there are quite a lot of online videos and other written reviews showing that Mumbai is active in terms of promoting urban farming in this city. The number of Indian people who are actively supporting the practice of urban farming i s increasing. For instance, to compost kitchen waste and sell vegetables, fruits, and herbs, Levenston (n.d.) publicly announced that they are using 5,000 sq. ft. of unused rooftop for urban farming. To compost kitchen waste after feeding more than 30,000 employees, a 3,000 sq. ft. terrace in Mumbai Port Trust was converted into a kitchen garden (Pendharkar, 2008). Last December 2011, Rajesh decided to take advantage of urban farming as a form of business (gtsindia, 2012, 0:27; Levenston, n.d.). To sell urban farming produce to the market, Rajesh’s business partner mentioned that they have been talking to people including their prospective customers such as relatives and friends to support urban farming (1:25). Rajesh and his colleagues tried to convince 25 to 50 people to practice urban farming in their own balconies and terraces. However, one of the main problems that Rajesh have noticed is that a lot of people in Mumbai are still very reluctant whether or not urban farming is a reliable way of growing fruits and vegetables. To convince people to practic

Kindly read the instruction and follow it. read carefully and then Essay

Kindly read the instruction and follow it. read carefully and then start write the paper - Essay Example My mother took me to a therapist to help me deal with the pressure I was experiencing in school owing to the condition. Dealing with pressure however did not solve the underlying issues of how I felt about myself but workouts changed my life. Two years down the line, a friend suggested that I start working out to lose weight and this was the turning point and the beginning to finding solutions to the psychological torture I had undergone. At such a tender age, I enrolled in a certain fitness club in the neighborhoods and started exercising with the adults that were the majority members of the club. At the club, I met a friend who was two years older than I and this really inspired me and made me realize that I was not alone. My major goal was to lose weight and the instructor came up with a good plan that would enable me achieve my goal. The plan included my daily exercises, tasks and a diet plan that I would using from that time. It seemed quite had at the beginning and I never thought I would make it but with time I got used to the new lifestyle with workouts. Before joining the fitness club, I used to stroll with my mother every evening and considered that enough exercise for a day. However, when I joined the fitness club, my workout habits completely changed. Every morning before going to school, I would wake up and run for thirty minutes, which were the instructions from my instructor at the club. In the evening from school, I had to go straight to the gym where we engaged in various activities that could help individual lose weight. The kind of physical strain at the gym required perseverance and willingness to be there. The friend I met at the club and the instructor were the source of inspiration and they really made me put more efforts towards achieving the goal I desired. My diet and eating habits changed completely. I had to avoid eating specific types of food such as junk food. The instructions from my instructor

The Concept of Efficiency Essay -- Efficiency Philosophy Essays

The Concept of Efficiency This article aims to give an analysis of the concept of efficiency. The importance of such an analysis lies in the fact that the role which efficiency plays in different sectors of our society leads to opposite evaluations resulting in a clash of opinions concerning this role. In order to clarify this situation, I first trace the historical roots of the concept. This brief historical reconnaissance shows that ‘efficiency’ is not a unitary concept. Moreover, I also argue that our use of the concept of efficiency presupposes the decisions which we make with regard to the kinds of costs we recognize. Such decisions do not come out of the blue; they relate to the opposite evaluations of efficiency mentioned above. The decisions concerning what we consider to be costly determine in part the actual content of the concept of efficiency. I argue that this content must be in harmony with the meaning of the different practices in which we are engaged, otherwise this concept can ea sily lead us astray. Therefore, a proper use of the concept of efficiency demands a clear and reliable view of these meanings. 1. Introduction Efficiency is a concept widely used by economists, engineers, organization theorists, consultants, politicians, managers and others. It figures large in the many vocabularies that abound in the world today and it seems that 'efficiency' is one of the focuses of Western culture. Efficiency has met with enthousiasm as well as critique. An early advocate of efficiency is Frederick Taylor (1911). (1) Shortly after, John Dewey made critical remarks on scientific management but considered efficiency to be a "servant of freedom" (Middle Works, Vol. 10, p. 119). Kotarbinsky (1968) defended e... ...8 R.Heilbroner An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. New York 1974. ———Business Civilization in Decline. New York 1977. ———Behind the Veil of Economics. New York 1988. T.Hobbes The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, Vol.3. Aalen 1962, repr.London 1839-1845. F.Klemm A History of Western Technology. New York 1959. T.Kotarbinsky Praxiology. An Introduction to the Sciences of Efficient Action. Oxford 1968. G.W.Leibniz SÃ ¤mtliche Schriften und Briefe. Erste Reihe. Berlin 1950. J.St.Mill Complete Works, Vol. II, III. London 1968. H.Mintzberg Mintzberg on Management. New York 1990. H.Simon Administrative Behavior. New York 19763. Reason in Human Affairs. New York 1983. R.C.Solomon Ethics and Excellence. Oxford 1993. F.W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management.19111, New York 1967. Xenophon Memorabilia and Oeconomicus. London 1923.

Essay about Mandates and Federalism Essay

Over the last twenty-five years, federalism has transformed due to the increase in federal mandates on state and local governments. Federalism refers to a political system in which there are local units of government, as well as a national government, that can make final decisions with respect to at least some governmental activities, and whose existence is protected. When the Framers devised this political system their goal was to protect personal liberty and create a separation of powers. Over the years, federalism’s goal of decentralization evolved giving states more leeway. Mandates, however, have in a way, increased federal power, imposing requirements and/or conditions for obtaining federal grants. These mandates provided federal restrictions on states’ economic actions and have served the former purpose of protecting personal liberties because they usually concern civil rights and environmental protection. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, for example, shows how federalism has changed and how mandates have augmented the regulation of state and local governments’ actions. Mandates created a new form of a â€Å"check† on state governmental activities. Mandates increased federal supremacy because they were mandatory. They take the form of regulatory statutes. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, for instance, required that businesses and state and local governments provide the disabled with equal access to services, transportation systems, employment, and buildings. In enacting this mandate, the federal government’s objective was to create equality and regulate what the states did with federal funds by imposing costs. State or local governments may not discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities. All government facilities, services, and communications must be accessible consistent with the requirements of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Individuals may file complaints with federal agencies to be designated by the U.S. Attorney General or bring private lawsuits. The ADA helped to change federalism because it had a great impact on state and local government budget priorities. Because the Americans with Disabilities Act did not specify what it’s definition of equal access was, the states had no idea as to what this mandate would cost. It provided no outline for how the mandate was to be administered, nor did it provide dependable estimates on  how much it could possibly cost to employ. The mandates provided the disabled with equality, preventing discrimination, at a fairly high cost. Since the states were not certain about the definition of equal access, they had to facilitate services, building equipment on buses, ramps in buildings etc. There’s no doubt that mandates have an impact on state and local budget priorities. By trying to meet the terms of the ADA, states had to shift their attention from other projects, which were perhaps more important (maybe because of the low number of disabled in the area). State governments had to make mandates a priority because they were federal â€Å"commands† that had to be obeyed. Thus, mandates not only increased involvement between the states and the federal government (federal-state relations), but they also nationalized the government more. Mandates allowed the states to spend with respect to important matters. States obey the mandates and by doing so they create legislation that benefits the people. By having mandates, the federal government prevents the states from misspending federal money. The potential consequences of removing the Americans with Disabilities Act would have great effects on federalism. If the mandate were removed, the federal government wouldn’t have as much power to control how federal money was spent. States wouldn’t be pressured into passing legislation that benefit a certain group. In addition, those who benefited from the mandate, the disabled, would not be treated equally since there would no longer be handicap access in public places. The removal of mandates affects the federal-state relations in that it decentralizes the government more and diminishes whatever authority the federal government has over the state government. Federalism has in fact changed over the past twenty-five years. It has become more complex, creating things like mandates, which control state actions. Mandates changed federalism, perhaps for the better. Because of the federal demands, states and federal government had to work together in order to protect certain rights and meet the needs of the people. Public policies became more nationalized as a result of mandates. They had an impact on the devolution revolution, which for some time had shifted responsibilities to the states , giving them more power and involvement in policies. However,  with mandates, the power was shifted back the federal government, the supreme. Bibliography Wilson American Government http://www.icanonline.net/news/fullpage.cfm/articleid/6CAEB15E-3A1A-4743-8BCCD55D82731B98/cx/issues.stay_informed/article.cfm

In the course of child development, a multitude of factors...

In the course of child development, a multitude of factors have severe ramifications on the child’s future. These factors are either categorized as risk or protective, based on the positive or negative benefits that are derived from each. Risk factors exist as potentially mal-adaptive behavior profile variables that influence or interfere with a child’s competency to thrive in their environment. Protective factors, on the other hand, create positive influences on development by negating effects of various risk factors. Both risk and protective factors exist in a variety of forms. Genetic, biological, psychological, familial, and social-cultural influences can be seen on each side. Not only do they exist in a variety of forms, but their†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Extensive literature and studies strongly indicate that offspring of alcoholics are at elevated risk for alcoholism.† Not only is the prevalence of the original disease strongly associated, but à ¢â‚¬Å" children of alcoholics are more likely to be hyperactive, engage in antisocial behaviors, have lower academic achievement, have lesser cognitive abilities, and have more negative alcohol consequences.† Inherited genetic disorders, like substance abuse problems, create a multidimensional risk factor. The precursory disorder not only affects the child in the fact that they inherit it, but they also obtain various new undesirable behaviors. A genetic link is strongly associated with psychopathology due to the description of the mechanisms involved in the nature vs. nurture association. Genetic and biological factors are generally observed as natural occurrences, where environmental factors are seen through a nurturing lens. The genetic component of this relationship is permanent and key in understanding all psychodynamic processes. The limitations that do exist when looking at genetic risk factors are related to this idea of nature vs nurture. Genetic reasoning alone for a claim in favor of alcoholic tendencies is impossible; environmental risk factors are too prevalent. â€Å"As indicated from the direct path from behavioral undercontrol to alcohol involvement, alcohol expectancy alone appears incapable of completely explain the relation and other processes must beShow MoreRelatedHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pages------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Week 1: Introductions/Overview: An Ethical and Legal Framework - Discussion This weeks graded topics relate to the following Terminal Course Objectives (TCOs): A | Given a situation related to reproductive genetics, genetic research, or the human genome project, develop a set of legal and ethical guidelines, which can be applied to genetic issues for the conduct of medical practice and/or research. | B | Given the contentiousRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescomprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and seriousRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesleaked from Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL s) pesticide plant in Bhopal. The gas leak triggered a disaster that is now widely recognized as the world worst industrial catastrophe. Thousands of people were killed instantly and more than 25,000 people have died of gas-related illnesses, several thousands more maimed for life since. Union Carbide negotiated a settlement with the Indian Government in 1989 for $470 million - a total of only $370 to $533 per victim - a sum too small to pay for most medical

The Golden Era Of Hip Hop Was A Period In The 80S And Early

The Golden Era of Hip Hop was a period in the 80s and early 90s characterized by its diversity, innovation, and cultural influence. Hip Hop is considered to have been born in 1973, in South Bronx, New York by Jamaican-born Kool DJ Herc (Blanchard, B, 1999). He used a turntable technique at a Halloween party, which eventually became extremely popular at every party scene. The term â€Å"breakdancing† came to life shortly after. Rhymes over hip hop music, also known as rap, began first as a commentary of the ability of the DJ. MCs introduced DJs and their songs. This rhythmic music produced by DJs at parties combined with an increase of break dancers, graffiti artists, and importance of MCs, created what we know today as the culture of hip hop.†¦show more content†¦Rap was called â€Å"the black CNN† by rapper Chuck D because they were reporting issues within the inner city community through mainstream media. This idea of rap as â€Å"the black CNN† can be seen from the descendance of rapper as griots. Griots were the keepers and purveyors of of knowledge, which included tribal history, family lineage, news of birth and death, and war (Blanchard, B, 1999). Rappers create songs that through performance and recordings, allows it to spread worldwide about their lives, dreams, and discontents. They are the voice of poor, urban African American youth whose lives are usually misrepresented or dismissed by mainstream media. Rappers become the keepers of contemporary African- American working-class history and concerns. Public Enemy’s lyrics were dissected by critics in light of Chuck D’s statement. Their song called Fight the Power, recorded in 1989, caused uproar because of the blunt attacks of celebrities such as Elvis Presley and John Wayne. They called these two celebrities out on being racist instead of being a hero to them, Public Enemy or it could be generalized to the black community, as they were to everyone else. This song created a unified message that could apply to everyone, not just the African American community. Beneath the lyrics lie powerful messages about history and politics. When people listen and don’t understand the lyrics, it causes them to maybe want to do research to be more informed. Rappers suchShow MoreRelatedThe Golden Era of East Coast Hip-Hop2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe Golden era of east coast hip-hop This piece will demonstrate an understanding of the golden era of East coast hip-hop, from 1986 to 1993, focusing and analysing the historical roots, influences and inspirational individuals, giving reference to musical examples that shaped East coast hip-hop. Attention will also be centred on the legacy left, concentrating on the music that was influenced as well as the resulting change in fashion and political views. Historical roots influence TheRead MoreWhy Video Games Have Made A Shift Into Mainstream Pop Culture6550 Words   |  27 Pagesdefinition being that culture can be used as â€Å"a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development† (Williams, 1976) An example of this theory in effect would be to look at the transition Europe went through into The Renaissance period from the Medieval Ages and the reasons behind the cultural shift. A variety of factors can be considered for the cultural shift from the rise of the wealthy banking family House Medici who had a huge role to play in the sponsorship of art, architectureRead MoreAdidas Marketing Plan20779 Words   |  84 Pages†©by†©making†©some†©key†©changes†©in†©its†©approach†©to†©its†©current†©situation,†©Adidas†© has†©the†©potential†©to†©grab†©hold†©of†©a†©much†©greater†©base†©of†©loyal†©consumers†©b esides†©its†©soccer†© market.†© †© We†©have†©five†©recommendations†©that,†©if†©implemented†©effectively,†©will†©lead†©adidas†©into†© a†©new†©era†©of†©market†©penetration†©and†©customer†©loyalty†©that†©will†©put†©adidas†©in†©position†©to†© truly†©compete†©with†©its†©rival†©Nike.†©Our†©first†©recommendation†©is†©to†©become†©a†©more†©socially†© responsible†©company†©by†©improving†©supply†©chain†©management†©practices.†©Secondly,†©we†©Read MoreAdidas Marketing Plan20768 Words   |  84 Pages†©by†©making†©some†©key†©changes†©in†©its†©approach†©to†©its†©current†©situation,†©Adidas†© has†©the†©potential†©to†©grab†©hold†©of†©a†©much†©greater†©base†©of†©loyal†©consumers†©besides†©its†©soccer†© market.†© †© We†©have†©five†©recommendations†©that,†©if†©implemented†©effectively,†©will†©lead†©adidas†©into†© a†©new†©era†©of†©market†©penetration†©and†©customer†©loyalty†©that†©will†©put†©adidas†©in†©position†©to†© truly†©compete†©with†©its†©rival†©Nike.†©Our†©first†©recommendation†©is†©to†©become†©a†©more†©socially†© responsible†©company†©by†©improving†©supply†©chain†©management†©practices.†©Secondly,†©we†©Read MoreStrategic Analysis of Sabmiller16447 Words   |  66 Pages(SABMiller plc) 1.1 History 1. 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Introduction to SouthRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesappear in the next section. Student preparation for case discussion If you are inexperienced with the case method, you may need to alter your study habits. A lecture-oriented course may not require you to do intensive preparation for each class period. In such a course, you have the latitude to work through assigned readings and review lecture notes according to your own schedule. However, an assigned case requires significant and conscientious preparation before class. Without it, you will beRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesSENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 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Those were the days when distribution was simple, retailers were concerned with building new stores rather than squeezing margins, and markets were growing. Today, more than 75 percent of the advertising / promotion spends are going to promotion. These

Intellectual Capital And Corporate Performance In Nigeria

INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA BANKS Dr.Egungwu, Ikenna Banking Finance Department, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria E-mail: ikennaegungwu@yahoo.com Egungwu, Ngozi Ursula Accountancy Department, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria E-mail: ngoziegungwu@yahoo.com Abstract This study is on the interaction between corporate performance variables and Intellectual capital effectiveness of selected banks in Nigeria. Intellectual capital has been variously defined as knowledge capital employed in an organization to improve the value creation ability of the organization. It has attracted the attention of researchers†¦show more content†¦The study concluded that banks should consider intellectual capital as a veritable tool in harnessing the organisation’s resources to ensure improvement in her performance indicators. The study recommended that banks should take inventory of her portfolio (assets) so as to identify those of them that are no longer useful and also employ qualified, experienced and trained staff to add value to her intellectu1resources. Key words: Intellectual capital, asset quality, loan quality, net income, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) INTRODUCTION Intellectual capital has attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Research in this area has highlighted the importance of intellectual capital in generating and sustaining organizational competitive advantage (Bontis, 2000;); is generally conceptualized as â€Å"intellectual material - knowledge, information, experience, core technique, intellectual property, and customer relationship that can be put to use to create wealth† (Stewart, 1997); a knowledge-based economy, characterized by a rapid expansion of knowledge-intensive industries creating and exploiting knowledge and information in all sectors of the economy (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). However, despite an increasing recognition of the importance of intellectual capital in theShow MoreRelatedWealth Maximization And Corporate Social Responsibility1745 Words   |  7 PagesWealth Maximization and Corporate Social Responsibility Ebehi Onakpoma Introduction There has been a lingering argument about the legitimacy and importance of corporate responses to CSR concerns. 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In other words,Read MoreAn Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nigerian Society: the Examples of Banking and Communication Industries18990 Words   |  76 Pagesimpact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo.com, Tel No.: 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian society, Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR] has been a highly cotemporary and contextual issue to all stakeholders including the government, the corporate organizationRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 PagesProceedings of the Second Conference on Human Capital Development Vol. 2 No. 2 2015 Theme: ENHANCING HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Date 30th June 2015 Venue Conference Hall, Rivers State College of Arts and Science Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Fortress Educational Consultancy Services Limited Proceedings of the Second Conference on Human Capital Development Vol. 2 No. 2 2015 Editorial Board Editor: DrRead MoreThe Millennium Development Goals2682 Words   |  11 Pageshighlights the importance of SMEs in helping a developing country move in the right direction. The research proposal is focussed on how Nigeria-a developing country can also build its SMEs in a way that will make more visible impact and contribute to the country’s GDP and overall economy. According to the International Finance Corporation (IFC) study of Nigeria cited by (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, n. d), they estimate that similar to Malaysia, 96% of Nigerian businesses are SMEs with over 90% in manufacturingRead MoreHuman Resources Development in Nigeria Local Government5371 Words   |  22 Pagesproductivity, but the question is â€Å"how much? It is even difficult to show causal link between HR development and national /organizational performance partly because pay off from development may not be seen in the short term. It is also difficult to tie-down performance improvement to the development itsel f and to understand the nature of the link. For example, is performance better because of increased or different HR development, because the reward package has improved or because we have a clearer set ofRead MoreInformation and Communication Technology as Bedrock of the Nation13285 Words   |  54 Pagesrecognizes that Biotechnology, especially genetic engineering provides the potential to make Life Sciences an engine of growth and business for the 1 country. This has led to the establishment of the National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA). Nigeria is considered one of the richest countries in Bio-resources with its extensive biodiversity. The Federal Ministry of Science and Technology recognizes this and is therefore collaborating with the Federal Ministry of Environment and other stakeholdersRead More2.0 the Impact of Globalization in Human Resour3435 Words   |  14 Pagespublication entitled Towards New Education in 1930, to denote a holistic view of human experience in education. An early description of globalization was penned by the founder of the Bible Student movement Charles Taze Russell who coined the term corporate giants in 1897, although it was not until the 1960s that the term began to be widely used by economists and other social scientists. The term has since then achieved widespread use in the mainstream press by the later half of the 1980s. Since itsRead MoreTHE IMPACT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT12932 Words   |  52 PagesAS A CRITICAL FACTOR IN THE BANKING SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA PLC MAIN BRANCH ENUGU). 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